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1.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 76(9): 622-634, Sept. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-973945

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, progressive and neurodegenerative disease. A disturbance on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can be observed in patients with MS, showing altered cortisol levels. We aimed to identify basal cortisol levels and verify the relationship with clinical symptoms in patients with MS. A systematic search was conducted in the databases: Pubmed, Web of Science and SCOPUS. Both higher and lower cortisol levels were associated with MS. Higher cortisol levels were associated with depression and anxiety, while lower levels were associated with depression, fatigue and urinary dysfunction. Higher cortisol levels may be associated with the progression and severity of MS.


RESUMO A esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença desmielinizante, progressiva e neurodegenerativa. Um distúrbio no eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal pode ser observado em pacientes com EM, mostrando níveis alterados de cortisol. Nosso objetivo foi identificar os níveis basais de cortisol e verificar a relação com os sintomas clínicos em pacientes com EM. Uma busca sistemática foi realizada nas bases de dados: Pubmed, Web of Science e SCOPUS. Ambos os níveis de cortisol elevado e baixo foram associados com a EM. Níveis mais elevados de cortisol foram associados à depressão e ansiedade, enquanto níveis mais baixos foram associados à depressão, fadiga e disfunção urinária. Níveis altos de cortisol podem estar associados à progressão e gravidade da EM.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hydrocortisone/analysis , Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis , Saliva/chemistry , Stress, Psychological , Hydrocortisone/urine , Hydrocortisone/blood , Disease Progression , Symptom Assessment , Hair/chemistry , Multiple Sclerosis/psychology
3.
J. bras. pneumol ; 41(2): 151-160, Mar-Apr/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-745914

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of a cohort of patients with lung-dominant connective tissue disease (LD-CTD). METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) results (≥ 1/320), with or without specific autoantibodies, and at least one clinical feature suggestive of connective tissue disease (CTD). RESULTS: Of the 1,998 patients screened, 52 initially met the criteria for a diagnosis of LD-CTD: 37% were male; the mean age at diagnosis was 56 years; and the median follow-up period was 48 months. During follow-up, 8 patients met the criteria for a definitive diagnosis of a CTD. The remaining 44 patients comprised the LD-CTD group, in which the most prevalent extrathoracic features were arthralgia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The most prevalent autoantibodies in this group were ANA (89%) and anti-SSA (anti-Ro, 27%). The mean baseline and final FVC was 69.5% and 74.0% of the predicted values, respectively (p > 0.05). Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia patterns were found in 45% and 9% of HRCT scans, respectively; 36% of the scans were unclassifiable. A similar prevalence was noted in histological samples. Diffuse esophageal dilatation was identified in 52% of HRCT scans. Nailfold capillaroscopy was performed in 22 patients; 17 showed a scleroderma pattern. CONCLUSIONS: In our LD-CTD group, there was predominance of females and the patients showed mild spirometric abnormalities at diagnosis, with differing underlying ILD patterns that were mostly unclassifiable on HRCT and by histology. We found functional stability on follow-up. Esophageal dilatation on HRCT and scleroderma pattern on nailfold capillaroscopy were frequent findings and might come to serve as diagnostic criteria. .


OBJETIVO: Descrever as características de uma coorte de pacientes com colagenose pulmão dominante (CPD). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com doença pulmonar intersticial (DPI), anticorpo antinuclear (ANA) positivo (≥ 1/320), com ou sem autoanticorpos específicos, e com a presença de ao menos uma manifestação clínica sugestiva de doença do tecido conjuntivo (DTC). RESULTADOS: Dos 1.998 avaliados, 52 preencheram inicialmente os critérios para o diagnóstico de CPD: 37% eram homens; a média de idade ao diagnóstico era de 56 anos e a mediana do tempo de seguimento era de 48 meses. Durante o seguimento, 8 pacientes preencheram os critérios para um diagnóstico definitivo de DTC. Os 44 pacientes restantes formaram o grupo CPD, no qual as manifestações extratorácicas mais prevalentes foram artralgia, doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e fenômeno de Raynaud. Os autoanticorpos mais prevalentes nesse grupo foram ANA (89%) e anti-SSA (anti-Ro, 27%). A média de CVF no início e na última avaliação foi de 69,5% e 74,0% do predito, respectivamente (p > 0,05). Pneumonia intersticial não específica e pneumonia intersticial usual foram identificadas em 45% e 9% das TCARs, respectivamente; 36% das TCARs eram não classificáveis. Uma prevalência semelhante foi identificada na histologia. Dilatação esofágica difusa foi identificada em 52% das TCARs. Capilaroscopia subungueal foi realizada em 22 pacientes; 17 apresentavam um padrão de esclerodermia. CONCLUSÕES: No grupo CPD, houve predominância feminina, e os pacientes apresentaram alterações espirométricas leves ao diagnóstico, com diferentes padrões de DPI, em sua maioria não classificáveis, tanto em TCAR como na histologia. Estabilidade funcional foi identificada no seguimento. A dilatação esofágica em TCAR e o padrão de esclerodermia na capilaroscopia subungueal foram achados frequentes que poderiam servir como critérios diagnósticos. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Fatty Liver/metabolism , Hydrocortisone/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , /genetics , /metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Disease Progression , Fatty Liver/complications , Fatty Liver/enzymology , Fatty Liver/urine , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic , Hydrocortisone/urine , Liver/enzymology , Liver/pathology , Models, Biological , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , Obesity/complications , Obesity/urine , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism
4.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 73(6): 579-84, Dec. 2013.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1165169

ABSTRACT

Serum cortisol measurement is a very useful tool in the biochemical evaluation of adrenocortical function. Since this hormone circulates in blood mainly linked to binding globulins but is also partially free, it can be measured not only in the blood but also in urine, saliva and other biological fluids and tissues. Basal determinations as well as dynamic testing may be performed to evaluate the circadian variations, to estimate the diurnal cortisol secretion and to analyze its relations with other components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Measurements of cortisol in blood, saliva and urine may reflect the cortisol secretion at the time of sample collection or during a 24 h span. Recently, it has been proposed the determination of cortisol in tissues such as hair and nails like a means of evaluating the hormonal status during prolonged periods. The aim of this paper is to update the methodology for measuring cortisol and its usefulness for the clinical diagnosis of troubles of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.


Subject(s)
Hydrocortisone/analysis , Saliva/chemistry , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism , Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism , Humans , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Transcortin/physiology , Ultrafiltration
5.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 1439-1443, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-111758

ABSTRACT

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is characterized by decreased adrenal hormone production due to enzymatic defects and subsequent rise of adrenocorticotrophic hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to become hyperplastic, and sometimes tumorous. As the pathophysiology is basically a defect in the biosynthesis of cortisol, one may not consider CAH in patients with hypercortisolism. We report a case of a 41-yr-old man with a 4 cm-sized left adrenal tumorous lesion mimicking Cushing's syndrome who was diagnosed with CAH. He had central obesity and acanthosis nigricans involving the axillae together with elevated 24-hr urine cortisol level, supporting the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. However, the 24-hr urine cortisol was suppressed by 95% with the low dose dexamethasone suppression test. CAH was suspected based on the history of precocious puberty, short stature and a profound suppression of cortisol production by dexamethasone. CAH was confirmed by a remarkably increased level of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone level. Gene mutation analysis revealed a compound heterozygote mutation of CYP21A2 (I173N and R357W).


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone/blood , Acanthosis Nigricans/complications , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/complications , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , DNA Mutational Analysis , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Heterozygote , Hydrocortisone/urine , Mutation , Obesity/complications , Steroid 21-Hydroxylase/genetics , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
6.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 55(1): 16-28, Feb. 2011. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-580291

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados iniciais de uma equipe cirúrgica no controle hormonal dos adenomas hipofisários secretores. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Em cinco anos, foram operados 51 adenomas secretores (31 GH, 14 ACTH, 5 prolactina, 1 TSH). O controle hormonal foi GH basal < 2,5 ng/dL, cortisol livre urinário normal, redução dos níveis de prolactina, e T3 e T4 livre normais. RESULTADOS: As taxas de controle foram 36 por cento na acromegalia e 57 por cento no Cushing. Dois prolactinomas (40 por cento) normalizaram a prolactina. Os hormônios tiroidianos normalizaram no adenoma secretor de TSH. O controle do hipercortisolismo correlacionou-se com o tempo de experiência da equipe (p = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados, limitados aos primeiros anos de experiência cirúrgica, situam-se abaixo da variação reportada em grandes casuísticas com maior tempo de experiência. Ao longo do tempo, observou-se melhora progressiva nos níveis de cortisol urinário no pós-operatório inicial da doença de Cushing em função da experiência cirúrgica.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the initial results of a surgical team in the hormonal control of secreting pituitary adenomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In five years 51 functioning adenomas were operated (31 GH-secreting, 14 ACTH-secreting, 5 PRL-secreting and 1 TSH-secreting). Hormonal control was defined as GH < 2,5 ng/mL, normal free-urinary cortisol, lower prolactin and normal T3 and FT4. RESULTS: Control rates were 36 percent in acromegaly, and 57 percent in Cushing's disease. Two prolactinomas normalized prolactin levels. Thyroid hormone levels were normalized in the TSH-secreting adenoma. Control of hypercortisolism was positively correlated with years of experience (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results, although restricted to the beginning of our experience, lie below the reported range of other surgical series with much longer experience. During these years, there was a significant improvement in initial post surgery urinary cortisol levels in Cushing's disease as a function of surgical experience.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Hypophysectomy/methods , Pituitary Neoplasms/surgery , Acromegaly/blood , Cushing Syndrome/blood , Cushing Syndrome/urine , Human Growth Hormone , Hydrocortisone/urine , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I , Pituitary Hormones/blood , Pituitary Neoplasms/pathology , Pituitary Neoplasms , Prolactinoma/blood , Prolactinoma/surgery , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Thyrotropin/blood
7.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 54(9): 826-832, dez. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-578364

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: (1) Characterize serum (S) and urinary (U) steroid metabolites in complete CYP17 deficiency (cCYP17D); (2) analyze the relative 17α-hydroxylase (17OH) and 17,20-lyase (17,20L) activities in vivo; and (3) comparedata from the two most prevalent mutations in Brazil. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 20 genotyped cCYP17D patients from a previously reported cohort were homozygous for W406R or R362C; 11 controls were CYP17 wild types (WT). WT and cCYP17D patients had S and U samples drawn to measure: cortisol (F), corticosterone (B), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18OH-B, 18OH-DOC, and 17OHP; and tetrahydro (TH)-B, THA, THDOC, THF+5α-THF, TH-cortisone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5-pregnenediol, 17OH-pregnenolone and pregnanetriol. RESULTS: Compared to WT, cCYP17D patients had marked elevations of B, DOC, 18OH-B and 18OH-DOC, whereas 17OHP, F and adrenal androgens (AA) were reduced; U steroids parallel S findings. Metabolite ratios revealed that both 17OH and 17,20L activities were impaired in cCYP17D. There were nodifferences between W406R andR362C mutations. CONCLUSIONS: cCYP17D patients show parallel overproduction/overexcretion of 17-deoxysteroids, and marked reduction of F and AA. In addition to 17OH, 17,20-L activity was also impaired in cCYP17D. W406 and R362C mutations disclose similar Sand U patterns.


OBJETIVOS: (1) Caracterizar os esteroides séricos (S) e urinários (U) na deficiência completa da CYP17 (DcCYP17); (2) analisar as atividades da 17α-hidroxilase (17OH) e 17,20-liase (17, 20 L) in vivo; e (3) comparar as duas mutações mais prevalentes no Brasil. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: 20 pacientes genotipados para a DcCYP17, de uma coorte anterior, eram homozigotos para W406R ou R362C (8 cada); 11 controles eram CYP17 wild types (WT). Amostras de S e U foram colhidas dos WT e pacientes para dosagem de: cortisol (F), corticosterona (B), deoxicorticosterona (DOC), 18-OH-B, 18OH-DOC e 17OHP; e tetraidro(TH)-B, THA, TH-DOC, THF+5α-THF, THE, androsterona, etiocolanolona, 5-pregnenediol, 17OH-pregnenolona e pregnanetriol. RESULTADOS: Comparados aos WT, os pacientes com DcCYP17 revelaram elevações acentuadas de B, DOC, 18OHB e 18OHDOC, enquanto 17OHP, F e andrógenos adrenais (AA) estavam reduzidos. Os esteroides na U acompanham os achados no S. As relações de metabólitos mostraram que as atividades de 17OH e 17,20L estavam reduzidas em pacientes com DcCYP17. Não houve diferenças entre pacientes com as mutações W406R e R362C. CONCLUSÕES: Na DcCYP17, a produção e a excreção dos 17-deoxiesteroides estão aumentadas em paralelo, em contraste com a reduzida produção/excreção de F e AA. As atividades da 17OH e 17,20-L estão diminuídas na DcCYP17. As mutações W406 e R362C apresentam achados semelhantes em S e U.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/urine , /urine , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/genetics , Androgens/urine , Case-Control Studies , Hydrocortisone/urine , Mutation/genetics , /genetics
8.
Clinics ; 65(1): 9-13, 2010. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-538601

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of Cushing's syndrome (CS) in obese patients devoid of specific clinical symptoms of Cushing's syndrome. Methods: A total of 150 obese patients (129 female, 21 male; mean age 44.41 ± 13.34 yr; mean BMI 35.76 ± 7.13) were included in the study. As a first screening step, we measured 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC). An overnight 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test was also performed on all patients. Urinary free cortisol levels above 100 ìg/24 h were considered to be abnormal. Suppression of serum cortisol <1.8 ìg/dL after administration of 1 mg dexamethasone was the cut-off point for normal suppression. The suppression of the serum cortisol levels failed in all of the patients. Results: Measured laboratory values were as follows: ACTH, median level 28 pg/ml, interquartile range (IQR) 14-59 pg/ml; fasting glucose, 100 (91-113) mg/dL; insulin, 15.7 (7.57-24.45) mU/ml; fT4, 1.17 (1.05-1.4) ng/dL; TSH, 1.70 (0.91-2.90) mIU/L; total cholesterol, 209 (170.5-250) mg/dL; LDL-c, 136 (97.7-163) mg/dL; HDL-c, 44 (37.25-50.75) mg/dL; VLDL-c, 24 (17-36) mg/dL; triglycerides, 120.5 (86-165) mg/dL. The median UFC level of the patients was 30 ìg/24 h (IQR 16-103). High levels of UFC (>100 ìg/24 h) were recorded in 37 patients (24 percent). Cushing's syndrome was diagnosed in 14 of the 150 patients (9.33 percent). Etiologic reasons for Cushing's syndrome were pituitary microadenoma (9 patients), adrenocortical adenoma (3 patients), and adrenocortical carcinoma (1 patient). Conclusion: A significant proportion (9.33 percent) of patients with simple obesity were found to have Cushing's syndrome. These findings argue that obese patients should be routinely screened for Cushing's syndrome.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Obesity/complications , Biomarkers/urine , Brazil/epidemiology , Cushing Syndrome/epidemiology , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , Dexamethasone/administration & dosage , Dexamethasone , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Glucocorticoids , Hydrocortisone/urine , Obesity/urine , Reference Values
9.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(6): 1066-1070, ago. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-492939

ABSTRACT

Ectopic ACTH production occurs in about 10 percent of all cases of Cushing's syndrome, and about 25 percent of cases of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Diverse tumor types are able to produce ACTH ectopically, including small cell lung carcinoma. Ectopic ACTH secretion by malignant neoplasm has been reported to have earlier and more aggressive metabolic effects. We report a 59-year-old male patient with severe hypertension, metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia as the first clinical manifestations of an ACTH-secreting small cell lung carcinoma, although the typical phenotypic features of Cushing's syndrome were not present. Ectopic Cushing's syndrome should always be ruled out in patients with severe hypertension and hypokalemia.


A produção de ACTH ectópico ocorre em aproximadamente 10 por cento dos casos de síndrome de Cushing, e em aproximadamente 25 por cento dos casos de síndrome de Cushing dependentes de ACTH. Diversos tipos de tumores são capazes de produzir ACTH ectopicamente, incluindo carcinoma pulmonar de células pequenas. Relatórios indicam que a secreção de ACTH ectópico por neoplasma maligno causa efeitos metabólicos prematuros e mais agressivos. Apresentamos um paciente, 59 anos, com hipertensão grave, alcalose metabólica e hipocalemia, tendo estas como as primeiras manifestações clínicas de um carcinoma pulmonar de células pequenas com secreção de ACTH, embora as características fenótipas típicas da síndrome de Cushing não estavam presentes. A síndrome de Cushing ectópica deveria ser excluída sempre em pacientes com hipertensão grave e hipocalemia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic/diagnosis , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypokalemia/diagnosis , Lung Neoplasms , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma , Alkalosis/diagnosis , Fatal Outcome , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/metabolism , Hydrocortisone/urine , Hypertension/metabolism , Hypokalemia/drug therapy
10.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1185-1190, nov. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-471733

ABSTRACT

Os incidentalomas de adrenais (IA) são tumores freqüentes em humanos. A síndrome de Cushing (SC) endógena é rara e os adenomas de adrenais são responsáveis por 10 por cento dos casos de SC. A SC subclínica ocorre em IA com dinâmica do cortisol anormal e ausência de fenótipo característico de hipercortisolismo. A prevalência média de SC subclínica em IA é de 9 por cento. Dados de pequenas séries indicam que 20 por cento dos IA desenvolvem alterações bioquímicas quando acompanhados por 10 anos. A evolução da SC subclínica parece ser benigna, raramente ocorrendo aumento da massa e evolução para a SC clinicamente manifesta. Os incidentalomas e a SC subclínica têm sido correlacionados aos componentes da síndrome metabólica, especialmente ao diabetes mellitus do tipo 2. Embora o número de pacientes avaliados ainda seja pequeno, os estudos disponíveis demonstram que o tratamento do hipercortisolismo resulta em melhor controle metabólico e da pressão arterial. Esses achados levaram alguns autores a pesquisar a presença de SC subclínica em pacientes com diagnóstico prévio de diabetes mellitus. Os estudos realizados utilizando diferentes abordagens diagnósticas mostraram que nesse grupo de pacientes a incidência de SC subclínica é maior do que na população geral.


Based on autopsy studies, adrenal masses are among the most common tumors in humans. Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is unusual and adrenal adenomas account for 10 percent of all cases of CS. Patients with subclinical CS (SCS) present abnormal cortisol dynamics without obvious manifestations. The prevalence of hypercortisolism in clinically inapparent adrenal masses has been reported as 9 percent. Data from several small series of patients indicate that fewer than 20 percent develop hormone overproduction when followed for up to 10 years. Follow-up of patients with subclinical CS suggests that rarely masses increase in size or progress to overt CS. Adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical CS are related to metabolic disorders, in special to type-2 diabetes. The scarce available data suggest that treatment of hypercortisolism correct the metabolic abnormalities and blood pressure. Some studies evaluating the prevalence of subclinical CS in overweight type-2 diabetes patients suggest that it is considerably higher in populations at risk than in the general population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , /complications , Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/complications , Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/therapy , Adrenocortical Adenoma/complications , Adrenocortical Adenoma/diagnosis , Adrenocortical Adenoma/therapy , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , /diagnosis , /therapy , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypertension/therapy , Incidental Findings , Obesity/diagnosis , Risk Factors
11.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1191-1198, nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471734

ABSTRACT

Cushing's syndrome (CS) results from sustained pathologic hypercortisolism. The clinical features are variable and the most specific features for CS include abnormal fat distribution, particularly in the supraclavicular and temporal fossae, proximal muscle weakness, wide purple striae, and decreased linear growth with continued weight gain in a child. Clinical presentation of CS can be florid and in this case the diagnosis is usually straightforward. However, the diagnosis can be difficult particularly in states of mild or cyclical or periodical hypercortisolism. Several tests based on the understanding of the physiologic characteristics of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have been used extensively to confirm the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome, but none has proven fully capable of distinguishing all cases of CS from normal and/or pseudo-Cushing individuals. Three first-line diagnostic tests are currently used to screen for CS: measurement of free cortisol in 24-hour urine (UFC), cortisol suppressibility by low doses of dexamethasone (DST), and assessment of cortisol circadian rhythm using late-night serum and/or salivary cortisol. This paper discusses the effectiveness regarding best cut-off values, the sensitivity and the specificity of these tests to screen for CS. Late-night salivary cortisol appears to be the most useful screening test. UFC and DST should be performed to provide further confirmation of the diagnosis.


A síndrome de Cushing (SC) resulta de um hipercortisolismo patológico mantido. As manifestações clínicas são variáveis e os achados mais específicos para a SC incluem distribuição anormal de gordura, particularmente nas fossas supraclaviculares e temporais, fraqueza muscular proximal, estrias purpúreas largas e interrupção do crescimento linear com ganho contínuo de peso na criança. A apresentação clínica da SC pode ser florida e, neste caso, o diagnóstico é usualmente direto. Entretanto, o diagnóstico pode ser dificultado particularmente em estados de hipercortisolismo leve ou cíclico/periódico. Vários testes baseados na compreensão das características fisiológicas do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal têm sido usados extensivamente para confirmar o diagnóstico da SC, mas nenhum deles mostrou-se totalmente capaz de distinguir todos os casos de SC dos indivíduos normais e/ou portadores de pseudo-Cushing. Três testes diagnósticos de primeira linha são atualmente empregados para rastrear SC: a medida do cortisol livre em urina de 24-horas (CLU), a supressão do cortisol por doses baixas de dexametasona (TSD) e a avaliação do ritmo circadiano do cortisol usando a dosagem do cortisol sérico ou salivar às 23-24 hs. Este artigo discute a efetividade com relação aos melhores valores de corte e a sensibilidade e especificidade destes testes no rastreamento da SC. O cortisol salivar às 23-24 hs parece ser o teste mais útil de rastreamento. O CLU e o TSD devem ser realizados na tentativa de fornecer confirmação adicional ao diagnóstico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Algorithms , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/urine , Circadian Rhythm , Cushing Syndrome/blood , Cushing Syndrome/urine , Diagnosis, Differential , Dexamethasone , Glucocorticoids , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Sensitivity and Specificity , Saliva/chemistry
12.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1207-1216, nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471736

ABSTRACT

Among endocrine disorders, Cushing's syndrome (CS) is certainly one of the most challenging to endocrinologists due to the difficulties that often appear during investigation. The diagnosis of CS involves two steps: confirmation of hypercortisolism and determination of its etiology. Biochemical confirmation of the hypercortisolaemic state must be established before any attempt at differential diagnosis. Failure to do so will result in misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, and poor management. It should also be kept in mind that hypercortisolism may occur in some patients with depression, alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, generalized resistance to glucocorticoids, and in late pregnancy. Moreover, exogenous or iatrogenic hypercortisolism should always be excluded. The three most useful tests to confirm hypercortisolism are the measurement of 24-h urinary free cortisol levels, low-dose dexamethasone-suppression tests, and determination of midnight serum cortisol or late-night salivary cortisol. However, none of these tests is perfect, each one has different sensitivities and specificities, and several are usually needed to provide a better diagnostic accuracy. The greatest challenge in the investigation of CS involves the differentiation between Cushing's disease and ectopic ACTH syndrome. This task requires the measurement of plasma ACTH levels, non-invasive dynamic tests (high-dose dexamethasone suppression test and stimulation tests with CRH or desmopressin), and imaging studies. None of these tests had 100 percent specificity and their use in combination is usually necessary. Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling is mainly indicated when non-invasive tests do not allow a diagnostic definition. In the present paper, the most important pitfalls in the investigation of CS are reviewed.


Entre as doenças endócrinas, a síndrome de Cushing (SC) é certamente uma das mais desafiadoras para o endocrinologista, devido às dificuldades que comumente surgem durante a investigação. O diagnóstico de SC envolve dois passos: a confirmação do hipercortisolismo e a determinação de sua etiologia. A confirmação bioquímica do excesso de cortisol precisa ser estabelecida antes de qualquer tentativa de diagnóstico diferencial; caso contrário, poderá resultar em diagnóstico incorreto, tratamento impróprio e manejo insuficiente. Deve também ser lembrado que hipercortisolismo pode ocorrer em certos pacientes com depressão, alcoolismo, anorexia nervosa, resistência generalizada aos glicocorticóides e no final da gravidez. Além disso, hipercortisolismo exógeno ou iatrogênico deverá ser sempre excluído. Os três testes mais úteis para a confirmação do hipercortisolismo são: a medida do cortisol livre em urina de 24 h, os testes de supressão com dexametasona (TSD) em doses baixas e a determinação do cortisol sérico à meia-noite ou do cortisol salivar no final da noite. Contudo, nenhum deles é perfeito, cada um com sua sensibilidade e especificidade, sendo vários deles usualmente necessários para fornecer uma melhor acurácia diagnóstica. O maior desafio na investigação da SC envolve a diferenciação entre a doença de Cushing e a síndrome do ACTH ectópico. Esta tarefa requer a medida dos níveis plasmáticos de ACTH, testes dinâmicos não-invasivos (TSD com doses altas e testes de estímulo com CRH ou desmopressina) e estudos de imagem. Nenhum desses testes tem 100 por cento de especificidade e muitas vezes é necessário seu uso combinado. Amostragem venosa do seio petroso inferior está indicada principalmente quando os testes não-invasivos não permitem uma definição diagnóstica. Neste artigo, revisaremos as mais importantes armadilhas na investigação da SC.


Subject(s)
Humans , ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic/diagnosis , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Adrenal Cortex Function Tests , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/urine , Bronchial Neoplasms/complications , Carcinoid Tumor/complications , Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/blood , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Dexamethasone , Glucocorticoids , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Lung Neoplasms/complications , Petrosal Sinus Sampling , Pituitary Function Tests
13.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1362-1372, nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471753

ABSTRACT

We review the clinical and biochemical criteria used for evaluation of the transsphenoidal pituitary surgery results in the treatment of Cushing's disease (CD). Firstly, we discuss the pathophysiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in normal subjects and patients with CD. Considering the series published in the last 25 years, we observed a significant variation in the remission or cure criteria, including the choice of biochemical tests, timing, threshold values to define remission, and the interference of glucocorticoid replacement or previous treatment. In this context we emphasize serum cortisol levels obtained early (from hours to 12 days) in the postoperative period without any glucocorticoid replacement or treatment. Our experience demonstrates that: (i) early cortisol < 5 to 7 µg/dl, (ii) a period of glucocorticoid dependence > 6 mo, (iii) absence of response of cortisol/ACTH to CRH or DDAVP, (iv) return of dexamethasone suppression, and circadian rhythm of cortisol are appropriate indices of remission of CD. In patients with undetectable cortisol levels early after surgery, recurrence seems to be low. Finally, although certain biochemical patterns are more suggestive of remission or surgical failure, none has been proven to be completely accurate, with recurrence observed in approximately 10 to 15 percent of the patients in long-term follow-up. We recommended that patients with CD should have long-term monitoring of the CRH-ACTH-cortisol axis and associated co-morbidities, especially hypopituitarism, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disturbances, and osteoporosis.


Neste artigo, são revisados os principais critérios clínicos e hormonais utilizados para avaliação do tratamento cirúrgico da Doença de Cushing (DC). Inicialmente são comentados aspectos fisiopatológicos que orientam a avaliação hormonal e os principais fatores clínicos, laboratoriais, cirúrgicos e histológicos associados com melhores resultados, observados nas principais séries da literatura e em pacientes acompanhados prospectivamente pelos autores. Foram revisados, também, critérios adotados nas principais séries da literatura, nos últimos 25 anos, chamando-se atenção para as dosagens hormonais, o momento em que foram realizadas, a possibilidade de interferência de tratamentos prévios e da reposição glicocorticóide. À seguir, essas dosagens são discutidas salientando-se a importância do cortisol obtido seqüencialmente no pós-operatório e sem a interferência de reposição glicocorticóide. A experiência prospectiva dos autores, recentemente referendada na literatura, demonstra que valores de cortisol < 5 a 7 µg/dl associados com um período de dependência aos glicocorticóides > 6 meses, ausência de resposta do ACTH/cortisol ao DDAVP e/ou CRH, retorno da supressão à dexametasona e do ritmo circadiano, estão associados com remissão da DC. Em pacientes com cortisol indetectável após cirurgia transesfenoidal, a chance de recidiva parece ser menor do que naqueles em que se observa cortisol detectável. Finalmente, chamamos a atenção para que, mesmo adotando critérios rígidos de avaliação, a recidiva da DC pode ocorrer a longo prazo em até 15 por cento dos casos, recomendando-se, portanto, que esses pacientes sejam acompanhados por tempo indeterminado, com monitorização cuidadosa do eixo CRH-ACTH-cortisol e de suas co-morbidades, especialmente hipopituitarismo, diabete melito, hipertensão arterial, alterações cardiovasculares e osteoporose.


Subject(s)
Humans , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma , Adenoma , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion , Pituitary Neoplasms , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/physiopathology , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/surgery , Adenoma/physiopathology , Adenoma/surgery , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/blood , Hypophysectomy , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/physiopathology , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/surgery , Pituitary Neoplasms/physiopathology , Pituitary Neoplasms/surgery , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology , Recurrence , Treatment Outcome
14.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(7): 1110-1117, out. 2007. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-470075

ABSTRACT

GH responses to ghrelin, GHRP-6, and GHRH in Cushing’s disease (CD) are markedly blunted. There is no data about the effect of reduction of cortisol levels with steroidogenesis inhibitors, like ketoconazole, on GH secretion in CD. ACTH levels during ketoconazole treatment are controversial. The aims of this study were to compare the GH response to ghrelin, GHRP-6, and GHRH, and the ACTH and cortisol responses to ghrelin and GHRP-6 before and after one month of ketoconazole treatment in 6 untreated patients with CD. Before treatment peak GH (mg/L; mean ± SEM) after ghrelin, GHRP-6, and GHRH administration was 10.0 ± 4.5; 3.8 ± 1.6, and 0.6 ± 0.2, respectively. After one month of ketoconazole there was a significant decrease in urinary cortisol values (mean reduction: 75 percent), but GH responses did not change (7.0 ± 2.0; 3.1 ± 0.8; 0.9 ± 0.2, respectively). After treatment, there was a significant reduction in cortisol (mg/dL) responses to ghrelin (before: 30.6 ± 5.2; after: 24.2 ± 5.1). No significant changes in ACTH (pg/mL) responses before (ghrelin: 210.9 ± 69.9; GHRP-6: 199.8 ± 88.8) and after treatment (ghrelin: 159.7 ± 40.3; GHRP-6: 227 ± 127.2) were observed. In conclusion, after short-term ketoconazole treatment there are no changes in GH or ACTH responses, despite a major decrease of cortisol levels. A longer period of treatment might be necessary for the recovery of pituitary function.


Na doença de Cushing (DC), as respostas do GH à ghrelina, ao GHRP-6 e ao GHRH estão diminuídas. Não existem dados sobre o efeito da redução dos níveis de cortisol, após cetoconazol, na secreção de GH na DC. Nessa situação, os níveis de ACTH são variáveis. Os objetivos do estudo são comparar as respostas do GH à administração de ghrelina, GHRP-6 e GHRH, e de ACTH e cortisol à ghrelina e ao GHRP-6 antes e após um mês de tratamento com cetoconazol em 6 pacientes com DC não tratados. Antes do tratamento, o pico de GH (mg/L; média ± EPM) após a administração de ghrelina, GHRP-6 e GHRH foi de 10,0 ± 4,5; 3,8 ± 1,6 e 0,6 ± 0,2, respectivamente. Após um mês de cetoconazol, ocorreu diminuição significante do cortisol urinário (redução média: 75 por cento), mas as respostas de GH permaneceram inalteradas (7,0 ± 2,0; 3,1 ± 0,8; 0,9 ± 0,2, respectivamente). Após o tratamento, houve redução da resposta de cortisol (mg/dL) à ghrelina (antes: 30,6 ± 5,2; após: 24,2 ± 5,1), mas não ocorreram mudanças nas respostas de ACTH (pg/mL) (ghrelina antes: 210,9 ± 69,9; após: 159,7 ± 40,3; GHRP-6 antes: 199,8 ± 88,8; após: 227 ± 127,2). Assim, o tratamento a curto prazo com cetoconazol não modificou as respostas de GH ou ACTH, apesar da redução do cortisol. Para a recuperação da função hipofisária deve ser necessário um período de tratamento maior.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone , Cushing Syndrome/metabolism , Human Growth Hormone , Hydrocortisone , Ketoconazole/therapeutic use , Peptide Hormones/administration & dosage , Case-Control Studies , Cushing Syndrome/drug therapy , Ghrelin/administration & dosage , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/administration & dosage , Hydrocortisone/urine , Oligopeptides/administration & dosage , Radioimmunoassay , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors
15.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(7): 1118-1127, out. 2007. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-470076

ABSTRACT

Endogenous Cushing’s Syndrome (CS) is unusual. Patients with subclinical CS (SCS) present altered cortisol dynamics without obvious manifestations. CS occurs in 2-3 percent of obese poorly controlled diabetics. We studied 103 overweight adult outpatients with type 2 diabetes to examine for cortisol abnormalities and SCS. All collected salivary cortisol at 23:00 h and salivary and serum cortisol after a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Patients whose results were in the upper quintile for each test (253 ng/dL, 47 ng/dL, and 1.8 mg/dL, respectively for the 23:00 h and post-DST saliva and serum cortisol) were re-investigated. Average values from the upper quintile group were 2.5-fold higher than in the remaining patients. After a confirmatory 2 mg x 2 day DST the investigation for CS was ended for 61 patients with all normal tests and 33 with only one (false) positive test. All 8 patients who had two abnormal tests had subsequent normal 24h-urinary cortisol, and 3 of them were likely to have SCS (abnormal cortisol tests and positive imaging). However, a final diagnosis could not to be confirmed by surgery or pathology. Although not confirmatory, the results of this study suggest that the prevalence of SCS is considerably higher in populations at risk than in the general population.


A síndrome de Cushing (SC) endógena é rara. Pacientes com SC subclínica (SCS) apresentam hipercortisolismo sem manifestações clínicas. SC ocorre em 2-3 por cento de diabéticos mal controlados. Estudamos 103 pacientes adultos obesos ambulatoriais com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 para avaliar alterações do cortisol e SCS. Todos coletaram cortisol salivar às 23:00 h e cortisol salivar e sérico após teste de supressão com 1 mg de dexametasona (DST). Pacientes cujos resultados de qualquer teste estavam no quintil superior (253 ng/dL, 47 ng/dL e 1,8 mg/dL, respectivamente para cortisol salivar 23:00 h e salivar e sérico pós-DST) foram reavaliados. Os valores médios desse grupo encontravam-se 2,5 vezes acima dos valores dos demais pacientes. Após um teste confirmatório com 2 mg x 2 dias DST, a investigação da SC foi encerrada para 61 pacientes com todos os testes normais e 33 com apenas um teste (falso) positivo. Todos os 8 pacientes com dois testes alterados apresentaram cortisol urinário normal, mas 3 deles mostraram maior probabilidade diagnóstica de SCS (hipercortisolismo e alterações em exames de imagem). Contudo, o diagnóstico final não pode ser confirmado por cirurgia ou patologia em nenhum deles. Embora não confirmatórios, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a prevalência de SCS seja maior em populações de risco do que na população geral.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , /metabolism , Hydrocortisone/analysis , Obesity/metabolism , Algorithms , Circadian Rhythm , Cushing Syndrome/blood , Cushing Syndrome/urine , Dexamethasone , /blood , /urine , Glucocorticoids , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Obesity/blood , Obesity/urine , Statistics, Nonparametric , Saliva/chemistry
16.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 67(5): 439-444, sep.-oct. 2007. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-489365

ABSTRACT

Many hypertensive patients affected by endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) persist with high blood pressure (HBP) despite good control of cortisol excess. We assessed the effect of preoperative ketoconazole administration and of definitive treatment of CS on arterial hypertension and analysed the factors involved in the persistence of hypertension. We assessed retrospectively 71 patients with CS and HBP (60 women, 11 men; 50 pituitary, 21 adrenal) successfully treated by surgery and/or radiotherapy; 19 of them received ketoconazole (KNZ) before surgery. After treatment, patients were divided into those with persistent high blood pressure (PHBP) and those with normal blood pressure (NBP). As possible predictive factors for PHBP we analysed age, duration and family history of HBP, pre-treatment 24 hour urinary free cortisol (24h-UFC) and body mass index (BMI). HBP normalized in 53 out of 71 patients (74.6%), regardless of the origin of Cushing's syndrome. PHBP patients were older (p=0.003), had longer duration (p=0.007) and higher systolic blood pressure before treatment (p=0.046) than NBP patients. Thirteen out of 19 patients (68.4%) treated with ketoconazole, normalized their hypertension and remained normotensive after successful surgery. Five patients became normotensive only after surgery. In conclusion: a) blood pressure levels normalized in most patients after remission of CS; b) ketoconazole was effective for the control of HBP, and seems to be a good indicator of post-surgical outcome, and c) higher age at presentation, longer duration of hypertension and higher systolic blood pressure figures before treatment negatively influence normalization of blood pressure after resolution of Cushing's syndrome.


Muchos pacientes con síndrome de Cushing (SC) permanecen hipertensos a pesar del control del exceso glucocorticoideo. Investigamos el efecto de la administración de ketoconazol (KNZ) y del tratamiento definitivo del SC sobre la hipertensión arterial (HTA), analizando su relación con diversos factores. Evaluamos 71 pacientes con SC e HTA (60 mujeres, 11 varones; 50 pituitarios, 21 adrenales) exitosamente tratados por cirugía y/o radioterapia; 19 de ellos recibieron KNZ antes de cirugía. Luego del tratamiento, fueron divididos en pacientes con HTA persistente (HTAP) y normal (HTAN). Como posibles factores predictivos de HTAP se analizaron edad, duración, historia familiar de HTA, cortisol libre urinario de 24 hs pre-tratamiento e índice de masa corporal. La HTA normalizó en 53/71 pacientes (74.6%) independientemente del origen del síndrome de Cushing. Los pacientes con HTAP fueron de mayor edad (p=0.003), con mayor duración previa (p=0.007) y valores mayores de presión arterial sistólica antes de tratamiento (p=0.046) que aquellos con HTAN. Trece de 19 pacientes (68.4 %) tratados con ketoconazol normalizaron su tensión arterial y se mantuvieron normotensos luego de cirugía exitosa. Cinco pacientes se tornaron normotensos solo después de cirugía. En conclusión: a) la HTA se normalizó en la mayoría de pacientes luego de remisión del SC, b) el ketoconazol fue efectivo para el control tensional y aparenta ser indicador de la evolución pos-quirúrgica, y c) mayor edad, duración más prolongada de la HTA y valores más altos de presión sistólica influencian negativamente la normalización de la presión arterial luego de resolución del síndrome de Cushing.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cushing Syndrome/drug therapy , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hypertension/drug therapy , Ketoconazole/administration & dosage , Adrenal Cortex Function Tests , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adrenal Glands/surgery , Body Mass Index , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Cushing Syndrome/surgery , Endocrine System Diseases , Follow-Up Studies , Hydrocortisone/urine , Hypertension/diagnosis , Pituitary Neoplasms/diagnosis , Retrospective Studies
17.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(4): 566-574, jun. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-457093

ABSTRACT

Avaliamos as características clínico-laboratoriais de 73 pacientes com síndrome de Cushing (SC) endógena, assim distribuídos: 46 (63 por cento) com doença de Cushing (DC), 21 (28,7 por cento) com tumores adrenais (TA) e 6 (8,2 por cento) com a síndrome do ACTH ectópico (SAE). A freqüência de manifestações clássicas do hipercortisolismo foi similar, independentemente da etiologia da SC. Em 100 por cento dos casos de SC, observaram-se níveis do cortisol sérico (CS) > 1,8 µg/dL após supressão com doses baixas de dexametasona (DMS), além de elevação do cortisol à meia-noite (sérico ou salivar). Contudo, o cortisol livre urinário foi normal em 11,5 por cento dos pacientes. Os níveis de ACTH mostraram-se suprimidos nos pacientes com TA, normais ou elevados na DC e sempre elevados na SAE. No teste de supressão noturna com 8 mg de DMS, supressão do CS > 50 por cento foi observada em 78,2 por cento dos casos de DC e 33,3 por cento dos casos de SAE, enquanto uma supressão > 80 por cento foi exclusiva da DC. Após estímulo com CRH ou DDAVP, um incremento do ACTH > 35 por cento aconteceu em 81 por cento dos indivíduos com DC e em 16,6 por cento daqueles com SAE, ao passo que um incremento do ACTH > 50 por cento restringiu-se à DC. A combinação de incremento do ACTH > 35 e supressão do CS > 50 por cento foi também exclusiva da DC. A ressonância magnética visualizou 100 por cento dos macroadenomas e 59,4 por cento dos microadenomas hipofisários nos casos de DC. Em 10 pacientes submetidos ao cateterismo bilateral do seio petroso inferior, um gradiente centro-periferia de ACTH > 3 pós-CRH ou DDAVP teve sensibilidade de 90 por cento e especificidade de 100 por cento para a doença de Cushing.


We studied clinical and laboratorial features of 73 patients with endogenous Cushings syndrome, subdivided as follows: 46 (63 percent) with Cushings disease (CD), 21 (28.7 percent) with an adrenal tumor and 6 (8.2 percent) with ectopic ACTH secretion (EAS). The rate of typical manifestations of hypercortisolism was similar regardless its etiology. In 100 percent of cases of Cushings syndrome we observed serum cortisol levels greater than 1.8 µg/dL in low-dose dexamethasone (DMS) suppression tests, as well as elevation of serum or salivary midnight cortisol. However, urinary free cortisol was normal in 11.5 percent of patients. ACTH levels were suppressed in patients with adrenal tumors, normal or high in CD and always high in EAS. In the 8-mg overnight DMS suppression test, serum cortisol suppression > 50 percent was observed in 78.2 percent of cases of CD and in 33.3 percent of subjects with EAS, while an 80 percent suppression was only seen in CD. After stimulation with CRH or DDAVP an ACTH increase > 35 percent occurred in 81 percent of individuals with CD and 16.6 percent of those with EAS, while an ACTH increase > 50 achieved 100 percent specificity. Moreover, the combination of serum cortisol suppression > 50 percent and an ACTH increase > 35 percent in both tests only occurred in Cushings disease. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging identified 100 percent of macroadenomas and 59.4 percent of microadenomas in patients with CD. Among 10 patients that underwent bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling, a central-to-peripheral ACTH gradient > 3 after CRH or DDAVP had 90 percent sensitivity and 100 percent specificity for Cushings disease.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic/diagnosis , Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis , Dexamethasone , Glucocorticoids , Hydrocortisone/blood , ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic/etiology , Adenoma/diagnosis , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , Cushing Syndrome/physiopathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Dexamethasone/administration & dosage , Epidemiologic Methods , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Hydrocortisone/urine , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sex Factors
18.
Medical Journal of Cairo University [The]. 2007; 75 (4 [Supp.II]): 181-186
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-126234

ABSTRACT

Increased secretion of glucocorticoids is associated with obesity and cortisol secretion is increased in subjects with idiopathic obesity, especially of central distribution. Intercon-version of active cortisol with inactive cortisone is catalysed by the isozymes of 11 beta -HSD activities in different tissues can be assessed by ratio of urinary free cort isol to cortisone. The present study was carried out to evaluate the free cortisol/cortisone ratio in urine of obese children and adolescents to clarify the role of 11 beta-HSD in the pathogenesis of exogenous obesity. Thirty obese children were included in the present study; they were recruited from those attending Diabetic Endocrine Metabolic Pediatric Unit [DEMPU], Children Hospital, Cairo University, for assessment of obesity. Ten apparently healthy, non obese children matched in age and sex, were also included as controls. Urinary free cortisol [UFF] was measured by radio immune assay [RIA] and High performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] while urinary free cortisone [UFE] was measured by HPLC. The obtained results showed higher ratio of UFF/UFE in obese children suggesting that cortisol metabolism may be enhanced in children with higher body fat. This finding is supported by the positive correlation encountered between UFF and both BMI and fat%, which can be attributed to a higher activity of 11 beta-HSD-1 expressed in both subcutaneous and visceral fat with increased reactivation of cortisone to cortisol. This highlights the value of the UFF/UFE in demonstrating 11 beta-HSD activity more than measuring UFF or UFE alone. Finally, HPLC method under adopted conditions was found to be rapid, reliable and specific for measurement of both UFF and UFE


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases , Hydrocortisone/urine , Cortisone/urine , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Body Mass Index , Thyroid Function Tests/blood
19.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 49(2): 291-298, abr. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-409744

ABSTRACT

A dosagem de cortisol livre na urina (CLU) é um método útil na triagem de pacientes suspeitos de síndrome de Cushing. Os imunoensaios atuais apresentam limitacões que dificultam sua aplicacão e a comparacão de resultados por diferentes ensaios. No presente método para dosagem de cortisol e cortisona livres urinários, baseado em cromatografia líquida com deteccão por espectrômetro de massa em tandem (LC-MS/MS), uma alíquota de urina 24h (200æL) é misturada com solucão contendo quantidade conhecida de cortisol deuterado e extraída on-line em fase sólida (C18). O eluato é transferido para uma segunda coluna C18 (Phenomenex Luna, 3æ, de 50 x 2mm), e o eluato obtido em modo isocrático é aplicado diretamente no MS/MS modelo Quattro Micro, operando no modo positivo de ionizacão química a pressão atmosférica (APCI). Todo o processo é automatizado e a quantificacão é feita por diluicão isotópica com base nas razões das áreas dos picos dos analitos e do padrão interno deuterado. O estudo de especificidade mostrou que nenhum esteróide testado apresenta reatividade cruzada superior a 1 por cento com cortisol ou cortisona. A sensibilidade funcional é <1æg/L para os dois esteróides, e o CV interensaio <8 por cento. Os estudos de recuperacão e de linearidade foram satisfatórios, e a comparacão entre os resultados obtidos para cortisol em 98 amostras de rotina, pelo ensaio em estudo e por um RIE, mostraram correlacão de r= 0,838, sendo os valores obtidos por LC-MS/MS significativamente mais baixos (medianas de 22,0 e 49,4æg/24h, respectivamente) (P<0,0001). Os valores de referência para cortisol foram definidos entre 11 e 43æg/24h, compatíveis com métodos semelhantes recentemente descritos. A dosagem concomitante de cortisona livre urinária permite o estudo da atividade da enzima 11beta-HSD2 e a pesquisa da síndrome do excesso aparente de mineralocorticóides. O método descrito representa a primeira descricão, em nosso meio, de uma nova geracão de métodos para a medida de esteróides hormonais, baseados em processos preparativos automatizados e leitura por espectrometria de massa em tandem.


Subject(s)
Humans , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Cortisone/urine , Hydrocortisone/urine , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity
20.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 132(9): 1053-1059, sept. 2004. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-443221

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids play a key role in blood pressure (BP) control and are associated with hypertension in patients with Cushing's syndrome. A number of reports indicate that cortisol (F) may be involved in etiology of essential hypertension (EH). F can bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, triggering both sodium and water reabsorption in kidney, increase BP and cause renin suppression. AIM: To evaluate urinary free cortisol (UFF) excretion as a potential intermediate phenotype of essential hypertension and correlate F level with plasma renin activity (PRA) and serum aldosterone (SA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We recruited 132 EH patients and 16 normotensive healthy controls. Blood samples and 24 hours urine were collected for PRA, SA and UFF analysis. Differences in UFF excretion between sexes were normalized by urinary creatinine (Creat) excretion. The upper limit of UFF/Creat was determined in normotensives considering the mean value plus 2 standard deviations. According to this value, subjects were classified as having high or normal UFF. RESULTS: In EH patients and in normotensives, the UFF/Creat was 36.9 +/- 17.0 microg/gr and 30.9 +/- 8.8 microg/gr, respectively. The upper limit was set at 48.5 microg/gr. A high UFF/Creat was found in 20/132 EH (15%) patients and 0/16 normotensive subjects. EH patients with high UFF showed lower PRA levels than patients with normal cortisol levels (0.78 +/- 0.47 vs. 1.13 +/- 0.66 ng/ml x h, respectively, p=0.027) and lower SA values (4.52 +/- 1.65 vs 6.34 +/- 3.37 ng/dl, respectively, p=0.018). There was a negative correlation between UFF and PRA (r=-0.176, p=0.044) and between UFF and SA (r=-0.183, p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a subgroup of EH patients with increased UFF excretion. Patients with the highest UFF showed lower renin and aldosterone levels. These data suggest a potential influence of cortisol in the genesis of hypertension.


Subject(s)
Female , Male , Middle Aged , Humans , Aldosterone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Hypertension/urine , Renin/blood , Creatinine/urine , Glucocorticoids/blood , Hypertension/blood , Hypertension/etiology , Epidemiologic Methods
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